"Robot", an artificial being constituting an imitation of a man, disciplined, efficient and free of feelings, invented by the Czech writer Karel Capek, who in 1920 wrote a science-fiction drama "R.U.R.-Rossum Universal Robots." This is one of the few words of Slavic origin that have entered into the global language of modern science and technology.

Currently, the number of people on Earth exceeds six billion, accompanied by fewer and fewer organisms and less than a million, increasingly "intelligent" robots.

Robotics, as a technical discipline, deals with the synthesis of certain human functions using mechanisms, sensors, executive teams and computers. The robot consists of a mechanical manipulator, the control and programming system. In the robotic departments we can distingish one department named: medical robotics and rehabilitation, which includes manipulators and robots for surgery, therapy, prosthetics and rehabilitation. They are used to support human limb paresis and handling patients. Rehabilitation manipulators can be controlled by movements of the head, chin, eye, etc. The use of robots which serve patients and disabled people is growing very fast . Robotic devices can help in all of life tasks such as moving, eating, simple mechanical work, science and entertainment. Nurse-Robot HelpMate moving around the hospital building distributes meals, helps patients find a way, etc.

Medical robots are great potential for surgery, increasing its precision and easier access to the area of ​​ minimally-invasive operations. Today there are mainly telemanipulators, which means that on one side of the robot we have a man who takes decisions on traffic and the tasks to be performed, and on the other side is the effector which is the ending of the tool performing the task in a specific workspace. In the surgery there are four types of robot systems generally used.

Robots to replace assistant during surgery. With their help, such as the AESOP robot (Computer Motion, USA - now discontinued) or EndoAssist (Armstrong Healthcare Ltd, High Wycombe, Wlk.Brytania), the surgeon can independently control the endoscopic camera position, being his "eyes" in an enclosed area of ​​field operations.

Surgical robots. Telemanipulators equipped with precision tools are used with increasing success in many fields of surgery. Since both systems are telesurgical, they enable operations at a distance. At this time, they are used da Vinci clinicall robots  (manufactured by Intuitive Surgical). In Poland, the prototype robots were created under the name Robin Heart. The robot, teleoperator with a supervising computer, allows you to scale the manipulator motion, which "operates" the surgeon, at a sufficiently precise tool movements. In addition, allows to remove a hand tremor. The high quality of the track acquisition, transmission and imaging tele-manipulators can provide the operator a much better view of the operating field with the possibility of making enlargements (traffic monitoring is done by visual observation). Introduced experimentally voice control not only of the camera, but also other devices gathered in the operating room (Hermes system).

Robots Navigation (passive) - used for precise positioning and to maintain the correct tool path. They are mainly used in neurosurgical procedures, the biopsy, for example: VectorVision (BrainLab, Cambridge, Great Britain) NeuroMate (Integrated Surgical Systems, USA)

Surgical and navigation robots (active) operating as implementing tools in the trajectory mapping system identified during preoperative planning (active navigation), for example, used for operations radiochirurgicznych: CyberKnife (Accuray Inc., USA), neurosurgery: Roboscope (Imperial College, London) and orthopedic surgery : Robodoc (Integrated Surgical Systems, USA).

Medical Surgical robotics is a relatively young field of technology. In the late 80's the first clinical experiments in neurosurgery and orthopedics have been started. In 1985, the orientation of needle biopsy of the brain - 52 year old man was placed on the tomography CT scanner table, and the robot was used for positioning and orientation of the tube-guide for needle biopsy. Industrial robot The PUMA  560^th was used there. Experiments were interrupted for safety reasons. In Grenoble, the neurosurgical operations integrated NeuroMate robot was tested. In the U.S., associated with R. Taylor, IBM has developed a system used in orthopedics called later Robodoc. In the same purpose in Germany CASPAR has developed. B. Davies in Imperial College London - robot for prostate surgery. Surgeons during developing the technique of endoscopic procedures perform encountered a man of precision physical barrier when trying to perform coronary artery bypass surgery. At the beginning of 1998 in Paris (Loulmet-Carpentier 1998) and Leipzig (Falk-Mohr 1998) proceeded the first cardiac operations - the mitral valve and coronary bypass graft - using equipment bearing full features of robotic cardiac surgery, da Vinci American robot. It is no coincidence that the only currently used clinical surgical robots came from the alleged star wars program conducted by NASA (the company Computer Motion CMI) and the Pentagon (Intuitive Surgical has IS). The first endoscope positioning system introduced in 1994 to market the company Computer Motion (Goleta, CA).

Currently, robots are increasingly more likely used to be mechanical assistants to help in the performance of surgical procedures. Surgical procedures are performed with better, more precise tools, but it is a surgeon's hand experience and imagination that proceed success of the operation.

The introduction of robots in place of attending or leading surgeons will bring certain economic effects and allow to procedd treatment in difficult situations such as war, epidemic, space travel, or other cases where there is lack of professional staff. The use of a robot assistant could be more effective and more convenient than assistance. New generation of a robots constructions may lead to shorter treatment. Robots, as the first tool ever to perform operations are the measure that allows to proceed operations previously planned and trained on simulation place.

Polish Robin Heart robots Family has the potential to become high-end technical and telemedical system widely used by surgeons that helps to perform part of the operation in a less invasive, precise, safe way for the patient and surgeon.